GC: n CT: The foundation preparation for the spillway structure consisted of stripping the overburden and exposing the bedrock. For the embankment sections, the soft, loose overburden was stripped to expose competent sands or gravels and a cutoff trench was excavated down to the rock surface. The cutoff trench is

GC: n CT: Cybercrime is defined as a crime in which a computer is the object of the crime (hacking, phishing, spamming) or is used as a tool to commit an offense (child pornography, hate crimes). Cybercriminals may use computer technology to access personal information, business trade secrets or use

GC: n CT: Traditionally, the quality of universities and their research are compared using measures such as numbers of published papers, especially those in peer-reviewed journals with high impact factors, and numbers of times that those papers are cited. But such measures do not give the whole picture. In the

GC: n CT: Cybernetics was christened publically with the publication of Cybernetics, by Norbert Wiener (1948). Two short extracts follow, both written by Professor F.H. George. The first is a summary (circa 1980) defining Cybernetics, the second (1965) outlines the major classes of Cybernetic problems. Cybernetics could be thought of

GC: n CT: S: N: 1. From cyber (as an element in word formation, ultimately from cybernetics (q.v.); it enjoyed explosive use with the rise of the Internet early 1990s) and security (mid-15c., “condition of being secure,” from Latin securitas, from securus “free from care”; replacing sikerte (early 15c.), from

GC: n CT: In the popular culture of the 1990s, cyberspace as a term was taken to describe the “location” in which people interacted with each other while using the Internet. This is the place in which online games occur, the land of chat rooms, and the home of instant-messaging

GC: n CT: New biomedical technologies make it possible to replace parts of the human body or to substitute its functions. Examples include artificial joints, eye lenses and arterial stents. Newer technologies use electronics and software, for example in brain-computer interfaces such as retinal implants and the exoskeleton MindWalker. Gradually

GC: n CT: There is potential energy stored in a water reservoir behind a dam. It is converted to kinetic energy when the water starts flowing down the penstock, from the dam. This kinetic energy is used to turn a turbine. S: BC Hydro – https://www.bchydro.com/energy-in-bc/our_system/generation/electric_generation.html (last access: 22 July

GC: n CT: Data Mining: What is Data Mining? Overview Generally, data mining (sometimes called data or knowledge discovery) is the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information – information that can be used to increase revenue, cuts costs, or both. Data mining software

CG: n CT: A data packet comprises parameter fields for identifying the data packet, the rule base comprises a plurality of rules, each rule comprises one or more parameter fields, and the matching rule is a rule, whose parameter field values correspond to the parameter field values of said data packet.

CG: n CT: To keep the planet from warming more than 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, most countries, including the U.S., have goals to reach net zero by 2050. Net zero means that all greenhouse gas emissions produced are counterbalanced by an equal amount of emissions that are eliminated. Achieving this will require rapid decarbonization.

GC: n CT: Deep learning allows computational models that are composed of multiple processing layers to learn representations of data with multiple levels of abstraction. These methods have dramatically improved the state-of-the-art in speech recognition, visual object recognition, object detection and many other domains such as drug discovery and genomics.

GC: n CT: Deforestation is clearing Earth’s forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land. Forests still cover about 30 percent of the world’s land area, but swathes the size of Panama are lost each and every year. S: NatGeo – http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/deforestation-overview/ (last

GC: n CT: “The present project is aimed to the development of a multi-step process for the production of second-generation biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass in a cost-efficient way through the use of tailored nanostructured catalysts. The proposed process is based on the cascade combination of three catalytic transformations: catalytic pyrolysis,

CG: n CT: In some countries used fuel is reprocessed to recover its uranium and plutonium, and to reduce the final volume of high-level wastes. The plutonium is normally recycled promptly into mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel, by mixing it with depleted uranium. Where uranium recovered from reprocessing used nuclear fuel (RepU)

GC: n CT: Extraction of algae pigments from a depurated effluent. A minireview of the researchs in algal biomass from wastewater depuration ponds is presented. It’s shown algal pigments cultured, although some other characteristics are commented: factors determining algal populations, biotreatment of agroindustrial effluents with microalgae and potencial applications of

GC: n CT: Renewable Energy Desalination: An Emerging Solution to Close MENA’s Water Gap. Many countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are facing real water security challenges. In arid, coastal cities, water demand is often met through large-scale desalination systems powered by fossil fuels. While groundwater

See gas oil

CG: n CT: Digital twin (DT) is a virtual replica of a physical object, person, or process that can be used to increase understanding and perform tests. They are linked to real data sources in the environment and update in real time to reflect changes in the physical world. Here

CG: n CT: What is the difference between (1) ‘digitization’, (2) ‘digitalization’, and (3) ‘digital transformation’? (1) ‘Digitization’ is the process of converting information from analog to digital. When we are converting a paper report to a digital file, such as a PDF, the data itself is not changed but

GC: n CT: Diodes are components which allow current to flow in just one direction. It is often recommended that a diode be fitted in a photovoltaic solar panel to prevent reverse current from flowing back through the panel at night time. As current passes through a diode there is

GC: n CT: Photovoltaics is the direct conversion of light into electricity at the atomic level. Some materials exhibit a property known as the photoelectric effect that causes them to absorb photons of light and release electrons. When these free electrons are captured, an electric current results that can be

GC: n CT: DC (direct current) is the unidirectional flow or movement of electric charge carriers (which are usually electrons). The intensity of the current can vary with time, but the general direction of movement stays the same at all times. As an adjective, the term DC is used in

GC: n CT: This project is investigating heat loss from high-temperature solar thermal receivers and developing the next generation of improved receiver designs to reduce that loss. Experimental and computational modelling are being used to improve the understanding, prediction and management of convection and radiation heat loss in high-temperature solar