CG: nfpl CA: Fuentes de energía renovables – Energía hidroeléctrica – Minicentrales hidroeléctricas. CT: Según el tipo de minicentral que vayamos a construir, se necesita una red mayor o menor de conducciones. Las instalaciones situadas a pie de presa no tienen cámara de carga (es el pro­pio embalse), al contrario

CG : nfpl CT Les formules empiriques de pertes de charge utilisées jusque vers 1950 comportaient une marge de sécurité prudente ; la formule de Colebrook, qui leur a succédé, a donné une base scientifique nouvelle à l’étude des pertes de charge et permis une précision plus grande dans leur

CG : nm CT : Sur les 14 000 Gigawatts thermiques que l’humanité consomme, environ 32 % proviennent du pétrole, 26 % du charbon et 19 % du gaz, soit 77 % de combustibles fossiles non-renouvelables, le reste se répartissant entre 5 % d’origine nucléaire, 6 % d’hydroélectrique, 10 %

CG : nm CT : Jusqu’à tout récemment, le pétrole que nous utilisions provenait de sources conventionnelles, soit de gisements de pétrole enfoui dans le sous-sol. Depuis 2007, de nouveaux procédés d’extraction du pétrole ont permis d’exploiter celui piégé dans les schistes, soit des gisements rocheux assez denses qui ne

CG: nm CA: Recursos y minerales energéticos; Fuentes de energía no renovables – Hidrocarburos. CT: El petróleo sigue siendo la fuente de energía que más importancia reviste por lo que se refiere a las amenazas para el abastecimiento energético. Esta demanda experimentará un crecimiento moderado, en torno al 0,3% anual

CG: nm CA: Petróleo y Gas natural; Extracción de hidrocarburos no convencionales. CT: La caída de la producción de petróleo de esquisto en Estados Unidos está provocando un reequilibrio del mercado del crudo, cuyo efecto es más marcado que el de la congelación de la extracción de los principales productores,

CG: n CT: Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that exists as a liquid in natural underground reservoirs and remains a liquid when brought to the surface. Petroleum products are produced from the processing of crude oil and other liquids at petroleum refineries, from the extraction of liquid hydrocarbons

CG : nf CT : Chaque année, arbres, plantes et animaux suivent leur propre cycle de développement. Cependant, le moment de la succession des différents stades de cette boucle annuelle (ouverture du bourgeon, feuillaison, floraison par exemple) est très fortement influencé par les conditions météorologiques. « La température est le

GC: n CT: Phenology is an important subject to study, because it helps us understand the health of species and ecosystems. Animals and plants do not live in bubbles, every species has an impact on those in its food chain and community. The timing of one species’ phenological events can

GC: n CT: Phishing is a form of fraud in which the attacker tries to learn information such as login credentials or account information by masquerading as a reputable entity or person in email, IM or other communication channels. ypically a victim receives a message that appears to have been

GC: n CT: Inorganic compounds containing phosphorous. Used in fertilizers (as plant nutrient) and in detergents (as ‘builders’ or water softeners), phosphates are a major source of water pollution. There presence in lakes and ponds encourages explosive algae growth which depletes water-dissolved oxygen, resulting in elimination of other forms of

CG : nm CT : Le phosphate, la forme minérale du phosphore, est l’ingrédient essentiel de tous les engrais. Utilisé de manière intensive depuis les années 1950, il a permis l’envolée des rendements agricoles. Mais aujourd’hui, le monde s’achemine vers un pic de consommation, comparable à celui de l’exploitation des

GC: n CT: Photoelectric cell or photocell, device whose electrical characteristics (e.g., current, voltage, or resistance) vary when light is incident upon it. The most common type consists of two electrodes separated by a light-sensitive semiconductor material. A battery or other voltage source connected to the electrodes sets up a

GC: n CT: Photovoltaics is the direct conversion of light into electricity at the atomic level. Some materials exhibit a property known as the photoelectric effect that causes them to absorb photons of light and release electrons. When these free electrons are captured, an electric current results that can be

GC: n CT: What is the Photonics Industry? Photonics is one of the fastest growing high-tech industries in the world today. It includes optical communications (e.g., fiber optics, lasers, and infrared links), optical imaging (e.g., spy and weather satellites, night vision, holography, flat screen display, and CCD videocameras), optical data

CG : adj et nf CT : La photonique constitue un des axes majeurs des recherches du Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN). Elle couvre un large spectre de thématiques allant du fondamental à l’appliqué, et présente une forte corrélation avec la nanofabrication. Ces activités visent à confiner la

GC: n CT: The photothermal effect is often used (particularly in the semiconductor industry) to measure thermal properties of materials [67, 9]. A common configuration is the modulated photothermal deflection experiment [83, 10], in which a “pump” laser beam, chopped into a square wave, strikes a sample at normal incidence,

GC: n CT: Sunlight consists of little particles of solar energy called photons. As a PV cell is exposed to this sunlight, many of the photons are reflected, pass right through, or absorbed by the solar cell. When enough photons are absorbed by the negative layer of the photovoltaic cell,

GC: n CT: A newly discovered path for the conversion of sunlight to electricity could brighten the future for photovoltaic technology. Researchers with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have found a new mechanism by which the photovoltaic effect can take place in semiconductor thin-films. This new route to energy

GC: n CT: Photovoltaic cells are connected electrically in series and/or parallel circuits to produce higher voltages, currents and power levels. Photovoltaic modules consist of PV cell circuits sealed in an environmentally protective laminate, and are the fundamental building blocks of PV systems. Photovoltaic panels include one or more PV

GC: n CT: The purpose of this article is to understand the state of art of photovoltaic solar energy through a systematic literature research, in which the following themes are approached: ways of obtaining the energy, its advantages and disadvantages, applications, current market, costs and technologies according to what has

Cf. photovoltaic module

CG : nm CT : Le nouveau terminal E de l’aéroport de Zurich a une longueur de 500 mètres et une largeur de 30 mètres. Comme il a été construit sur une zone phréatique, il a fallu utiliser 440 pieux de fondation, fichés dans une couche de moraine à env.

GC: n CT: Pig iron is the product of smelting iron ore (also ilmenite) with a high-carbon fuel and reductant such as coke, usually with limestone as a flux. Charcoal and anthracite are also used as fuel and reductant. Pig iron is produced by smelting or iron ore in blast